DARK MATTER, DOES IT ALSO ROTATE LIKE THE GALAXY IT SURROUNDS?

Is It Possible to Even Answer This Question? Is An Answer Necessary?

INTRODUCTION

Although there is still some discussion as to the existence of dark matter, based on the available evidence and observations, the astrophysics community along with the physics community in general have basically accepted dark matter as being a real substance in our universe. Additionally, previous papers I have written provide strong support for dark matter galactic halos. The other papers I have authored provide evidence, information and the basis for the discussion in this paper.

Based on the astrophysics observations of galaxies, the dark matter halo surrounding galaxies is responsible for establishing the rotational characteristics and stability seen in galaxies. That is, the dark matter halo gravitationally interacts with the normal matter of the galaxy surrounded by the dark matter halo. The gravitational interaction between the galactic normal matter and surrounding halo of dark matter represents a direct physical connection between galactic normal matter and the galactic dark matter halo. The direct connection between dark matter and normal matter in galaxies considered with the rotation of the normal matter leads to the question, does the galactic dark matter halo also rotate?

DISCUSSION

Currently there are no viable hypothesis or theories as to what is causing the galaxies of the universe to move away from each other. Or, how galaxies interact with the expanding space of the universe. In other words, the current scientific position is that the universe is expanding and galaxies are moving away from each other as a result of the universe expansion. No direct cause for this movement has been scientifically established.

Therefore, before it is possible to discuss any possible rotation of the dark matter halo, the connection between the dark matter halo and the expanding space of the universe needs to be evaluated. The initial hypothesis that was put forth and that ultimately led to this paper, is the first necessary building block for this discussion and states as follows:

The space of our universe is and has been expanding since the very beginning. However, the space within our galaxy, and most other galaxies in our universe is not expanding, it is stable. Something has to be enveloping and protecting galactic space from the ongoing expansion of the surrounding space of the universe. The Dark Matter Halo represents the galactic/universe property necessary to separate and protect stable galactic space from the expanding universe space.

The paper discussing this hypothesis: Dark Matter: A Galactic Dyson Sphere, https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-a-galactic-dyson-sphere-3a88908c959e

Building further on the relationship between dark matter halos and the space of the universe, it is currently accepted that the universe is expanding. And, current observations of galaxies throughout the universe shows that they too are also moving. In general this motion is for galaxies to be moving away from each other. This galactic motion is consistent the expanding space of the universe. However, the space within galaxies, and therefore within the dark matter halos is not expanding. This leads to the only possible conclusion that dark matter halos and their embedded galaxies as a whole, are moving as a single entity with the expanding space of the universe.

One additional straightforward observation supporting a direct relationship between dark matter halos and space of the universe, there is no other mechanism that can adequately account for the general motion of the majority of the galaxies away from each other. That is, the current observed motion of the galaxies within our universe is most consistent with there being a direct connection or interaction between galactic dark matter halos and the expanding space of our universe.

At this point it is necessary to formalize a hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS

A galactic dark matter halo and the embedded stable space galaxy act together as a single entity in the universe expanding space. Since the dark matter halo encapsulates the normal matter galaxy and its stable space, the dark matter halo is what directly interacts with the expanding space of the universe.

Using this hypothese and moving forward, the paper, Dark Matter and What it Does With Our Universe, https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-and-what-it-does-with-our-universe-c8e861c77933 provides a discussion regarding three possible options as to how a galactic dark matter halo interacts with the expanding space of the universe.

These options are;

1. Dark Matter is actually embedded in the universe space,
2. Dark Matter is “sticking” to the space of the universe,
3. Dark Matter is floating in/on the space of the universe.

Until now the lack of any current hypothesis or theory regarding galactic motion and universe expansion represented a significant issue when looking at any motion of a dark matter galactic halo, such as rotation. That is, there is no current information or research as to how dark matter, in particular dark matter halos, interacted with the expanding universe space. Without any consideration as to how the dark matter halo interacts with the expanding universe space how is it possible to form any conclusions as to whether or not a dark matter halo is rotating like its embedded galaxy? The lack of any information or research reveals the importance of the above hypothesis.

Prior to writing this paper I read multiple papers on the motion of galactic dark matter halos. Some indicated that their paper was based on the galactic halo rotating around the embedded galaxy, others did not use any motion in looking at dark matter halos. The common point in all of the papers is that they all ignored any possible interaction between the dark matter halo and the expanding galactic space.

An additional point, regarding the papers that used rotating galactic halos, they provided no information as how this rotation started with respect to the expanding space of the universe. Or, how the rotating dark matter halo and its embedded galaxy interacted with the expanding space of the universe. Similarly, there was no information or explanation as to how the rotating dark matter halo maintained the stable space in the embedded galaxy. In other words, all of these papers treated dark matter halos and their embedded galaxies as completely independent individual objects. This is not how our universe operates.

The three options listed above represent potential interactions between dark matter halos and the universe’s expanding space in order to account for the movement of galaxies away from each other. That is, these three options correspond with a direct relationship between dark matter and the expanding space of the universe thus accounting for the currently observed motions of galaxies. Since all information and observations are consistent with a direct relationship between dark matter halos and the expanding universe space, this direct relationship must be considered in all evaluations involving dark matter. This includes all theories or hypothesis regarding rotating dark matter halos around their embedded galaxies. Specifically, how the dark matter halo interacts with the expanding space of the universe has to be considered.

Looking at the first option listed above, dark matter is embedded in the expanding universe space.

This is a straight forward evaluation. The expansion of the universe space appears to be uniform throughout the universe. This shows that the expanding space of the universe can be viewed as a single object. If the dark matter halo is embedded in the expanding space of the universe it will in essence be a part of the expanding space and will not be able to rotate.

Regarding the second option, dark matter is “sticking” to the space of the universe.

This is not the same as being embedded. In this case the dark matter halo is simply stuck to some point on the universe space and gets pulled or pushed along with the expansion of the universe. In this instance the dark matter halo would not be a part of the expanding universe space and it may be possible for the dark matter halo to rotate.

As for the third option, dark matter is floating in the space of the universe.

In this case the dark matter halo is simply floating along the top of the expanding universe space. It is not a part of the expanding universe space, rather it is simply moving with the expanding flow of the universe. Since it is not part of the expanding universe space, under these conditions the dark matter halo would be free to rotate.

It turns out that rotation of the dark matter halo is dependent on how a galactic dark matter halo interacts with the expanding universe space. Some types of interactions will allow for rotation while others will not. Given the limited total amount of information known about dark matter, it is not possible at this time to determine which of the three listed interactions occurs. In other words, it is currently not possible to conclude how dark matter moves with the expanding space of the galaxy. This means that any one, all three or any combination of the three possible interactions, covered above, between dark matter and the expanding universe space is possible. Furthermore, given the currently limited state of the information and research on dark matter it is not possible to determine if dark matter does or does not rotate.

THINKING OUTSIDE OF THE BOX

An unexplored area of astrophysics was touched in the above evaluation, what is space? In this case the universe space was looked at as being something that could interact with the dark matter halo. In other words, the universe space has to be something real and tangible. Think of it this way for a moment and consider fish. Fish swim around in different types of water with no real or natural contact with the world outside of the water. For fish, their whole universe is the water they swim around in. From our vantage point we can see the water as a substance. But, the fish don’t have independent knowledge that the water is a substance. Maybe space is our water and we have to get to another vantage point in order to see what the universe space really is.

This next point, LaGrange Space, is not really thinking outside the box. Rather it is applying established physics to the dark matter and normal matter interaction. There is a dark matter halo surrounding a galaxy and this halo gravitationally interacts with the normal galactic matter inside of the halo. The gravity from the dark matter halo pulls on the normal galactic matter, while the gravity of the normal galactic matter pulls back on the dark matter. That is, gravity from these two types of matter pulls in the opposite direction from each other. This means that at some point in the overlapping gravity fields there will a place where the gravity of the dark matter is exactly opposite and the same magnitude as the gravity from the normal matter. Where this occurs the gravity from the galactic matter and the dark matter will cancel each other out resulting in a space with no gravity.

NOTE: There are 5 different point where the gravity of the sun and the gravity of the earth cancel each other out. They are known as LaGrange points. They were first deduced by Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1772, and were actually discovered around Jupiter in 1906. In other words, this is old physics.

An additional characteristic that has to also be considered is the gravitational interaction between the dark matter halo and the surrounded normal galactic matter. This means that there are no LaGrange points around the galaxy, instead there must be a Lagrange space that completely encircles the normal mass of the galaxy. This LaGrange space would lie between the dark matter halo and the normal mass of the galaxy.

What makes this LaGrange space interesting is another old principle of physics, Einstein’s Equivalence Principle. This is the one that says that gravity and acceleration are basically the same thing. Basically what this means with respect to LaGrange Space is that in a zero gravity space the flow rate of time should be infinitely long while distance measurements should also be infinitely long.

Think of it this way, it is well known that traveling at the speed of light, and in the vicinity of a black hole and its high gravitational field, time slows down and distances compress. Well, if high gravity does this to time and distance, than no gravity has to do the opposite. If it doesn’t then there is a symmetry violation and this is a major problem.

One more out of the box question comes to mind, if we are in a LaGrange Space, lets think of it as a “Null Space,” does the infinite time and distance measurement also mean travel at an infinite speed? A fair and legitimate question that stems from applying basic physics principles to a real situation in our universe.

CONCLUSION

So, does the galactic dark matter halo rotate like the galaxy it surrounds? With the information that we currently have available it is not possible to answer this question. The evaluation done in this paper shows that dark matter halo rotation may, or may not occur. It all depends on how the dark matter halo interacts with the expanding universe space and this is the information that is currently lacking.

There is an additional conclusion inherent to this paper, this is the first paper to evaluate the available information in order to estimate if there is a relationship between dark matter halos and the expanding space of the universe. Specifically, the above discussion shows that the current facts show that there has to be some type of direct relationship between galactic dark matter halos and the expanding space of our universe. This relationship was memorialized in the hypothesis in the discussion and repeated here;

A galactic dark matter halo and the embedded stable space galaxy act together as a single entity in the universe expanding space. Since the dark matter halo encapsulates the normal mass galaxy and its stable space, the dark matter halo is what directly interacts with the expanding space of the universe.

Even though the question about the rotation of the dark matter halo was not specifically answered in this paper, enough information was covered so that when more dark matter halo and expanding universe space information does comes forward it may be possible to answer the question. In the mean time the investigation into what dark matter does within our expanding space universe, and what it creates must continue.

 

DARK MATTER, WHAT IS IT?

It is called Dark Matter because so far nobody has given it an identity.

INTRODUCTION

The presence of Dark Matter has been established through multiple astronomical observations. Specifically, something helped put galaxies together and is currently holding them together. The something that is holding all of the universe’s galaxies together also bends light that is coming from behind the galaxies. When all of the observed information is put together and evaluated, the most likely conclusion is that there is some type of matter around galaxies that gravitationally interacts with the galaxies while at the same time interacting with the expanding space of the universe.

The problem is that whatever this matter, or mass, may be it cannot be seen. That is, other than gravitationally this mass/matter does not interact with anything else in the universe or anything else that is known about within the universe. Hence the name, Dark Matter.

So we know that this Dark Matter is here in our universe, but we know nothing else about it. This is a bad position to be in because it severely restricts how we can move forward with understanding the basic workings of our universe. But all is not lost. We can evaluate what we do know, or think we might know, as well as the lack of results from current dark matter experiments to see what conclusions, or hypothesis, we can make about Dark Matter. This is the purpose of this paper.

DISCUSSION

This paper is the 4th paper in the series looking at dark matter. The first,

Dark Matter: a Galactic Dyson Sphere, https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-a-galactic-dyson-sphere-3a88908c959e

Is a discussion about what dark matter is doing with galaxies in the universe.

The second paper, Dark Matter, It Has Been Here Since the Beginning, https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-its-been-here-since-the-beginning-2788b4327021

Is a discussion about how all current evidence indicates that dark matter has been around since the time of the big bang.

Dark Matter: What Is It’s Purpose, https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-what-is-its-purpose-622c4ea1fd8e

Is a discussion about what dark matter does with galaxies in the universe and how it interacts with the universe.

These three prior papers are are building blocks to this paper in trying to use what has been concluded so far, along with other clues as to what dark matter may, or may not be.

Even Nothing Tells Us Something

Although the first indications of dark matter were discovered in 1933, it wasn’t until the around the mid-eighties that dark matter was “accepted” by the science community. One of the first experiments to try in gather information about dark matter was in 1986. So for about the last 36 years large and complex detectors have been built and experiments undertaken in order to find a possible dark matter candidate particle.

It is important to note that despite the fact that there is nothing known about what dark matter actually is, the experiments and detectors are looking for a dark matter particle. This is known because there are hundreds of written research papers and other forms of science communications that have theories about what kind of particle dark matter has to be. Additionally, the Standard Model of Particles is one of today’s most celebrated discoveries so it would appear that particles is form that the scientific community has decided upon as to what dark matter must be.

So far no experiment or detector has been able to find a dark matter particle. Maybe dark matter has some form other than a particle. This means that a dark matter particle, as we think of particles, simply doesn’t exist. Additionally, at the particle level gravity is virtually too weak to detect. In essence when all possible things and information are considered this lack of a particle discovery is telling us that the odds are we are not going to detect any dark matter particles, if they even exist.

THE NEXT CONCLUSIONS

In the first of the previous papers listed above it was shown that the dark matter halo around galaxies was acting as a barrier between the stable space of the galaxies and the expanding space of universe. The second paper listed showed that dark matter had to be around since the beginning stages of the universe, and that it must have assisted in the first clumping of normal matter. From the early relationship of dark matter with the first clumping of normal matter, and to later times in the universe with the collisions of galaxies we can conclude that dark matter must be transmissive to normal matter.

Currently astronomy has discovered multiple instances of past and present galactic collisions. Photographs of these collisions show the robbing and/or exchange of stars, dust and matter between the colliding galaxies. These galactic collisions can only occur if the dark matter allows the normal matter of the galaxies to pass through it.

The above conclusion regarding the transmissibility of normal matter through dark matter in the galactic collisions can be extrapolated back to the first clumping of matter. That is the dark matter in the early universe also had to let the first particles of normal matter pass through so that the normal matter could clump together to form the first stars and galaxies.

So through galactic collisions and the early clumping of matter we can conclude that dark matter has to have the property of transmissibility with respect to normal matter.

Looking at galactic collisions provides us with another property of dark matter, it can interact and combine with itself.

Recent observation in astronomy has shown us the existence of diffuse galaxies. These galaxies are dwarf galaxies in that they are small with a minimal amount of stars, and they do not have a dark matter halo. Although these galaxies have half the number of stars as our Milky Way galaxy they are about the same size as the Milky Way galaxy. In other words, the stars of these galaxies are completely spread out. The conclusion here is that the lack of the dark matter halo has exposed these stars to the expanding space of the universe so the stars of diffuse galaxies are being spread apart with the expanding space of the universe.

There is an additional conclusion associated with these dwarf, diffuse, dark matter free galaxies. The dwarf diffuse galaxies have no dust or other diffuse star forming matter within them. The theory is that diffuse galaxies are the remnants of a collision with a larger galaxy and that in this collision all of the star forming matter and galactic dust was stripped out of the diffuse galaxy and pulled into the larger galaxy. Similarly, the indications are the larger galaxy also stripped away the dark matter from the diffuse dwarf galaxy.

Since the diffuse galaxy lost its dark matter to the other, larger galaxy involved in the collision this shows that dark matter can also be stripped away and then combine with the dark matter in the larger galaxy. Just like normal matter can be stripped out of the diffuse galaxy.

There is another question associated with galactic collisions and the combining of dark matter. Galaxy collision have been occurring within our universe pretty much since the beginning of galaxy formation. In so many of these collisions the galaxies move apart and each maintains some amount of it’s dark matter halo. In other cases the galaxies combine and the dark matter halo transforms into a halo for the combined galaxies. This leads to so many follow up questions; how does the dark matter know what to do when galaxies collide?

Through current observations of galaxy collisions it is possible to show three cases as to what dark matter does:

1. It separates itself into halos around both colliding galaxies
2. It becomes a halo around one of the galaxies, leaving the other galaxy unprotected from the expanding space of the universe.
3. It combines and forms a single halo around both of the colliding galaxies.

NOTE: The stripping, exchanging and combining of dark matter from one galaxy into the other in a collision provides another area for additional discussion, research and hypothesis regarding how dark matter works in our universe.

GOING BACK TO THE BEGINNING

The above conclusions on what dark matter does in galactic collisions are looking at how dark matter is currently working within our universe after the formation of galaxies. But what about the early universe and the formation of galaxies?

It is known that in the early stages of the universe there had to be the formation of clumps of normal matter that would ultimately grow into stars and galaxies. One of the goals has to be to try and understand and/or try and determine how dark matter was working with the early normal matter in order to form normal matter clumps.

With respect to the early universe and the original clumping of matter, the space of the universe was much smaller than it today since the universe has been expanding since the very beginning. This means that it would not be possible for dark matter to start out at the size necessary to form a galactic halo. To the contrary, dark matter itself had to have formed as part of the big bang and formed at the same time as normal matter. One of the possible inferences here is that dark matter would start combining into small halo shapes that would grow as the universe expanded. These early halo shapes would be small enough and would start pulling normal matter in thus allowing it to start forming matter clumps.

As the dark matter halo continues to grow with the expanding universe, it pulls in more and more normal matter resulting in enough matter to form the first planets. The universe continues to grow, so do the dark matter halos thus allowing even more matter to accumulate and start clumping inside the protected space of the dark matter halo. Ultimately the halos reach galactic size with enough normal matter inside to start forming galaxies.

Thinking Outside Of The Box

The general question now is how is it the early dark matter halos grew? Maybe it was through clumping just like the early normal matter.

As was previously stated, the early universe was expanding. The expansion of the early space of the universe will move particles of all kinds further and further apart. This will have an adverse effect on the initial required clumping of any kind of matter. Clumping dark matter can provide a catalysts that limits the effect of the expanding universe space on normal matter. Additionally, it is known that dark matter makes up about 85% of the total matter in the universe while normal matter makes up the remaining 15%. Due to the gravitational interaction between dark matter and normal matter the high amount of dark matter would assist in the clumping of both normal and dark matter.

In order for dark matter to create stable space and protect normal matter from the expanding space so it may start clumping it has to form some type of halo enclosure around the normal matter. So, what it the most simplest way to create a halo, or a hollow sphere, for normal matter? Start out that way. What if dark matter actually starts our as some type of hollow sphere?

As the dark matter starts to clump the size of the hollow sphere within the dark matter also grows thus resulting in a larger halo with a larger open center. This would account for the ability to accept increasing amounts of matter. Current galactic collisions have shown us that dark matter does combine with itself. As for the hollow sphere, this is not that much of a stretch to consider as forming in the early part of the universe. Just look at normal matter.

With out going into details, it is known that normal matter is also a basically a hollow sphere of some sort. Protons and neutrons are both made up of three up and down quarks. However, the combined rest mass of these three quarks is only about 1% of the mass of the proton and neutron. The other 99% of the mass is unknown; however, there are various theories. This means that there is a very large mass difference between the mass of a proton or neutron and the quarks that make up these two particles. In other words, there is a “hole” and all of the protons and neutrons that make up of the matter in the universe.

If normal matter can have a “hole” in it why can’t dark matter?

CONCLUSIONS

As stated earlier in this paper a dark matter particle has not been found. The lack of any finding of a dark matter particle is strong evidence that one does not exist in the manner that physics current understands and identifies particles. Furthermore, if all of the facts are considered, it is not hard to understand that dark matter is in all likelihood not a particle as science currently understands particles. In order to start to understand what dark matter may be, acceptance of the fact that the universe is fascinating and wonderous essential. That is, look outside of the box a what dark matter could be, and all that it does.

It is known that the universe has been expanding since its beginning. It is also known that the distribution of matter/particles, was also smooth throughout the early universe. This means that as the universe expands the amount of matter in any given region becomes less dense. Additionally, at the particle level we know that gravity is barely measurable making it an incredibly weak attractive force. As the matter/particle density in the universe goes down with the expansion of the space of the universe it becomes harder for the matter/particles to clump to start forming stars and galaxies. This would include any particles of dark matter. This is where the higher density of dark matter and its halo shaped construction comes in. Its density gives it a high chance of clumping which allows it to create a non-expanding protected space. This in turn allows normal matter to join in with dark matter. And, as the dark matter halo grows, more matter is brought into the halo. This gives the halo enclosed matter an opportunity to clump and form the first stars and galaxies.

Currently it is not possible to say that dark matter comes in a halo or hollow sphere construction as it basic shape as was put forth as part of this paper. The fact of the matter is that virtually nothing is known about dark matter. So, this fact also means that it is not possible to say that a basic halo shape construction for dark matter does not exist.

Imagination is where new discoveries will be found. It is time to move beyond comfortability of the small amount of physics that is known in today’s universe.

Written By Steve Guderian 9–4–22

 

DARK MATTER IT’S BEEN HERE SINCE THE BEGINNING

 

It is Time to Pay Attention to This Property of the Universe

In my last paper, Dark Matter; A Galactic Dyson Sphere I presented the hypothesis that that the dark matter halo around galaxies protects the stable space within an embedded galaxy from the expanding space of the universe outside of the galaxy. This paper is specifically looking at the beginnings of dark matter.

RECAP

It is important to remember that virtually nothing is known about dark matter. The current theory is that dark matter only interacts with matter gravitationally. This has been determined by the fact that galaxies do not contain enough visible matter to account for the observed motion of stars within galaxies. Based on stellar motion it is estimated that dark matter forms a halo around galaxies and accounts for about 85% of the total mass of the universe. Another more common comparison of normal matter and dark matter, normal matter is estimated to be about 5% of the universe mass energy while dark matter is estimated at about 27% of the universe mass energy. The rest of the universe is dark energy, which is another topic altogether.

Accepting the information regarding gravitational interaction of dark matter with galaxies and the hypothesis regarding galactic stable space, the necessary conclusion is that dark matter is required for galactic formation in our universe. And this dark matter requirement can taken back to the big bang.

DARK MATTER AND THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE

Cosmology has determined that in the early stages of the universe after the big bang two of the conditions present were expansion of the universe, and a smooth, relatively even density of matter within the universe. Information from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a NASA Explorer mission that launched June 2001, determined the mass density of the early universe as equivalent to just under 6 protons per cubic meter.

Currently it is believed that the first massive stars began to form in our universe around 100–200 million years after the big bang. At around 1 billion years galaxies started to form. The formation of the first stars and later the galaxies required matter to somehow start to clump together. At some point the clump of matter would become large enough that gravity would take over and start to pull more matter into the clump causing gravity to become stronger and thus start pulling in more matter. This cycle would continue until the original small clump of matter became large enough, massive enough to form a star.

The question that comes to mind is what was the catalyst that started the first clump of matter and how did this clump continue to pull in more and more matter?

There are few things that need to be considered with the clumping matter hypothesis for the forming of massive bodies. Gravity is the weakest of the four known forces. The electric force is over 2.40 x 10^40 times larger than the gravitational force. Said another way, the electric force between charged particles is almost a trillion-trillion-trillion-trillion-trillion times stronger than gravity.

The matter that is clumping together to form massive bodies are primarily protons and neutrons, the nucleons of the atoms that are needed to form a massive body. Electrons are also flying around the area and at some point they need to be captured to complete the atoms necessary to start forming matter. Protons have a positive electric charge while neutrons have no electric charge. So, protons and neutrons are not going to be attracted to each other and two protons are going to repel from each other with a force far, far, far greater than the force of gravity. The positive charge of an proton can combine with the negative charge of an electron, but this in essence can just gives us a neutron.

SIDE NOTE: Another consideration through all of this would be how does the W and Z boson interaction come into play with the early matter formation. The one thing that is safe to say is that it would add another complication to clumping of matter.

An additional consideration for the complexity of matter clumping together, the space of the universe is expanding so all of the matter within the universe is moving further and further apart. The mass density discussed above of 6 protons per cubic meter is moving to 5 or 4 protons per cubic meter.

So, where it stands right now the current theory is that gravity, the weakest of the forces is able to overcome all of the problems discussed above in order to start forming clumps of matter/atoms that will grow into stars and galaxies. This is not an impossibility, but based on what has been discussed so far relying on just gravity and normal matter to account for the galaxies in our universe seem to have some significant difficulties to overcome. This is where dark matter comes to the rescue.

Recall that dark matter has a little more than 5 times the the amount of energy and/or gravitation pull of normal matter. So now rather than having 4 to 6 protons per cubic meter there will be an equivalent gravitational mass of 20 to 30 protons. This increase in gravity will help increase the ability of matter to start to clump. Furthermore, the hypothesis for dark matter is that it stabilizes the space it surrounds from expansion. This too will enhance the ability of matter to clump.

So as the normal mater within the dark matter halo grows the dark matter itself will also have to grow. Again, the dark matter has 5 times the gravitational mass as normal mass so as the dark matter halo grows the ability of this clump of normal matter and dark matter to attract more normal matter through gravity also grows. This growth can continue ultimately creating stars and galaxies.

CONCLUSION

The original hypothesis is; “Dark matter protects the stable space of galaxies embedded in the expanding space of the universe.” The discussion above is simply an extrapolation of this hypothesis back to the beginning of the universe. That is, dark matter also had to come about as a result of the big bang. The stabilization of space associated with dark matter embedded in the expanding space of the early universe provides a catalyst and/or a safe space for the clumping of matter. In other words, in the early universe dark matter also helped with the formation of the first atoms and allows them to clump together.

One last consideration regarding what is known about dark matter, it does not electrically interact with normal matter. This means there will be no issues or prohibitions of normal matter moving into dark matter stable space to clump with other matter.

An important note for consideration, the above hypothesis regarding dark matter in the early universe does not affect current cosmological time lines or interactions. Too the contrary, the above information assists in the clumping of normal matter for the formation of stars and galaxies. Additionally, nothing in this paper talks about what dark matter is, or its composition. Rather this paper talks about what dark matter does and/or can do.

 

DARK MATTER AND WHAT IT DOES WITH OUR UNIVERSE

 

Looking at What Dark Matter Does Within the Universe Can Provides Clues to What Dark Matter Might Be.

INTRODUCTION

 

This is the fifth paper in a dark matter series.

 

What is dark matter? This is one of the biggest questions plaguing physicists today. What is known about dark matter, not very much. Here is the list;

Dark matter makes up about 85% of the matter in our universe and about 27% of the total energy as compared to normal matter which makes up 15% of the matter and about 5% of the total energy.

1. Dark matter only interacts with normal matter via some form of gravity or gravity like force.
2. Dark matter does not interact within any normal matter via electromagnetic interactions, or any other interactions other than gravity. 

 

This is pretty much all that can really be said about dark matter.

Despite the limited knowledge about dark matter multiple experiments and papers have been written about what dark matter might be. The current general consensus in the modern physics community is that dark matter is most likely some kind of exotic particle. Over the last 30 years numerous experiments have been run to try and detect a dark matter particle, so far all have failed.

Maybe if today’s physicists took a step back and looked at what it is dark matter does in our universe, and how it does what it does maybe there would be more progress toward understanding what dark matter is. 

Looking at how dark matter interacts within the universe is what this paper is discussing.

DISCUSSION

The most important characteristic of how dark matter interacts with the universe is the hypothesis set out in the very first paper of this series, Dark Matter; A Galactic Dyson Sphere. The hypothesis is that the dark matter halo around galaxies protects the stable galactic space of the galaxy within the halo from the expanding space of the universe outside of the dark matter halo. This is a critical characteristic for dark matter because if the dark matter halo were not in place, the space within galaxies would not be stable. That is, once exposed to the expanding space of the universe, the space within galaxies would also expand and this expanding galactic space would adversely effect star and galaxy formation throughout the universe.

Beside keeping galactic space stable, the dark matter halo around galaxies also helps to maintain the stability of the matter within that dark matter halo. That is, the dark matter halo allows for the surrounded normal matter to clump and form the stars of the galaxy. The dark matter halo also gravitationally interacts with the embedded normal matter creating the stable galactic and stellar motion seen in galaxies throughout the universe today. 

Having just briefly covered the interaction between dark matter and normal matter in the universe, the next questions is how does dark matter interact with the universe?

It is known that the universe is expanding and has been expanding since the beginning, the big bang. If there were no dark matter present to help initiate the clumping of normal matter it is unlikely that the first stars and galaxies would have formed. Specifically, it was covered above how dark matter is necessary for the formation of stars and galaxies, and for maintaining the stability and motions of galaxies, stars and planets. Without dark matter present in the beginning, normal matter would be expanding with the space of the universe. If any clumping of normal matter could have occurred and started to form stars and galaxies, the space of the universe would be expanding in and around these first proto-stars and galaxies. Ultimately the expanding space of the universe would cause any possible galaxies and solar systems to crumble and the galactic dust and matter would spread out and not be able to clump and form new galaxies stars and solar systems.

The only possible conclusion that can be reached, given the current structure and function of our universe, is that dark matter has been around since the big bang. Additionally, it has been providing stable space for galaxies, stars and planets to form. Now the question is how does dark matter and normal matter interact with the expanding universe?

Looking a normal matter first, the evolution of our universe as we know it today shows that normal matter had very little interaction with the expanding universe. Normal matter simply expanding along with the space of the universe. What normal matter did do was interacted with the stable space provided by dark matter and dark matter in turn interacted with the universe. Current astronomical observations show that for the most part the galaxies of the universe are moving, or expanding, away from each other. In other words, as the space of the universe expands it is pulling the galaxies of the universe along with it. More precisely, the expanding universe is pulling the dark matter halos of the universe along with it as it expands. The normal matter galaxies, stars and planets are simply along for the ride within the dark matter halo.

When looking at galaxies moving away from each other with the expansion of the universe space, the question becomes how are all of the dark matter enclosed galaxies moving? There are three general possibilities for this, the first is that the dark matter halo surrounding galaxies is actually part of the expanding space of the universe. That is, just as normal matter is embedded in dark matter halos, the dark matter halos holding the galaxies is embedded in the expanding space of the universe. 

Another possibility is that the dark matter halo and its embedded galaxy is simply floating in the expanding space of the universe. The third possibility is that the dark matter halo and its embedded galaxy is kind of sticking to the expanding space of the universe. Sticking can best be thought of as something in-between floating and embedded.

Of the three possibility above, the simplest option, and the most likely option, is embedded. The dark matter halo is actually embedded in the expanding space of the universe. An embedded dark matter halo is most consistent with the expansion of the universe in both the beginning of the universe, and the current state of the universe. There is also the issue of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies. Specifically, Ultra Diffuse Galaxies have far fewer stars than out Milky Way Galaxy, but these galaxies are the size of our Milky Way Galaxy. Ultra Diffuse Galaxies also do not have a dark matter halo. This exposes the stars of the Ultra Diffuse Galaxy to the expanding space of the universe thus spreading out stars of the galaxy. Having the stars of the Ultra Diffuse Galaxy actually embedded in the expanding space of the universe is the most direct way to account for their dispersion of the Ultra Diffuse Galaxy stars after the loss of its dark matter halo.

As for the floating option, it is analogous to a piece of wood floating along the surface of a river. Dark matter halos are not part of the space of the universe, rather they sit in/on the space of the universe and simply move along at their pace. The issue with floating is that there is a high probability that not all dark matter halos and their embedded galaxies would move at the same rate. This doesn’t match with what is currently observed in the universe regarding galaxies all moving away from each other in a consistent manner. 

As for sticky dark matter halos and their embedded galaxies, they too have the issue of moving at inconsistent speeds making this an unlikely relationship between dark matter halos and the movement of the universe space also.

THINKING OUTSIDE OF THE BOX

What if dark energy is actually a force that works on dark matter? If the dark matter halos are embedded in the universe space, then as the galaxies get pushed and/or pulled along by the dark energy, the the dark matter halo enclosed galaxies would pull the universe space with along with them. Additionally, recall that 85% of the total mass of the universe is dark matter. And, current theory is that there are dark matter filaments spread throughout the universe space. There is also the possibly up to 50% of normal matter spread out throughout the universe space known as the WHIM¹.

The above is a unique hypothesis. It is known that the universe is expanding and the current belief is that the rate of expansion is increasing. The accelerating rate of the expansion of the universe space is currently hypothesized to be caused by dark energy. Like dark matter, nothing is currently known or understood about dark energy. So, with dark energy interacting with the dark matter galactic halos, dark matter web through out the galaxy, and dark matter interacting with the WHIM, this would result in an even expansion of the universe space. This is consistent with current observations.

It is clear that this hypothesis currently cannot be proven or tested. However, it also cannot be disproven. It is simply a “start” toward critically thinking about what is seen and known about our universe and to come up with some thought or idea as to how things in the universe might work. Maybe this dark energy and dark matter interaction will be the basis of some other theory, or the stimulation of thought about how the current unknowns in our universe might work.

CONCLUSIONS

The time line of the universe with respect to dark matter and normal matter goes something like this. Dark matter and normal matter are both formed at the beginning of the universe. The amount of dark matter is over 5 times greater than the amount of normal matter. Dark matter makes up about 85% of the total matter in the early universe while normal matter makes up the remaining 15%. And, the space of the early universe is expanding all around thus causing both dark matter and normal matter to spreading out in the universe space. 

Normal matter interacts with dark matter. Normal matter starts to combine with dark matter carving out a stable space for the normal matter where it ultimately starts to clump together. However, the space of the universe is still expanding and it is spreading the dark matter out in the expanding space. That is, the dark matter is moving with the expanding space of the universe. And, the dark matter is bringing the normal matter within its protected space along for the ride. 

This is the process of the early universe ultimately resulting the expanding universe that we see today. Enough normal matter was able to combine with dark matter to create the universe we see today, and to create the universe that is still waiting to be discovered and understood.

Written by

Steve Guderian

 

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¹  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm%E2%80%93hot_intergalactic_medium

DARK MATTER: WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?

 

DARK MATTER: WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE? 

KNOWING WHAT DARK MATTER IS DOING CAN PROVIDE CLUES TO WHAT DARK MATTER IS.

INTRODUCTION

This is my third paper building on my original hypothesis about Dark Matter. The first paper, Dark Matter: A Galactic Dyson Sphere (https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-a-galactic-dyson-sphere-3a88908c959e) proposes the hypothesis that the dark matter halo around galaxies protects the non-expanding space of galaxies from the expanding space of the universe all galaxies are embedded in. The second paper, Dark Matter: It’s Been Here Since the Beginning (https://medium.com/@philofysks/dark-matter-its-been-here-since-the-beginning-2788b4327021) builds on the first paper. Specifically, our universe has been expanding since the big bang but galactic space has been stable since the first galaxies started forming. The conclusion is that dark matter had to be around when the first stars and galaxies started to form. The paper goes deeper and covers how dark matter would help with the first clumping of matter and the formation of the first stars. Additionally, there is nothing about dark matter existing in the beginning of the universe that contradicts current cosmological theories.

This paper is going to follow up on other conclusions that can be made about how dark matter works within our universe. 

DISCUSSION

The most basic fact associated with the ongoing work on dark matter is that the universe is expanding. Additionally, it is known that except for the Andromeda Galaxy, almost all of the other observed galaxies are moving away from our galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy. More precisely, for the most part the galaxies in our universe are moving away from each other as the universe expands. This shows us two basic things. The first is that every thing associated with galaxies, in particular all of the matter and the galactic space are completely contained within the dark matter halo. The second is that the dark matter halo appears to be set in place in the universe. In other words, the dark matter halo expands along with the universe and thus pulls the galaxies along with the universe expansion while maintaining the stability of galactic matter and space.

The second point is one that still needs some work and/or thought. The simplest case is that galactic dark matter halos are embedded in the space of the universe. That way the dark matter galactic halos expand with the universe bringing their embedded galaxies with them. However, the possibility exists that the dark matter halo could be just kind of “sticking” to the expanding universe space. Or maybe the dark matter halo is “floating on top” of the expanding space of the universe. This presents a situation where galactic halos and their embedded galaxies might not be expanding away from other galaxies at the same rate the universe is expanding. 

This leads to the question, are galaxies moving away from each other at the same rate the universe is expanding? It seems that an answer to this question could provide more information on what dark matter may or may not be, and other effects it may have in our universe. 

Another significant factor for consideration regarding how dark matter interacts with the expanding universe is gravity. Observations of our universe clearly show that it is a dynamic place with a lot of galactic motion. This motion includes collisions between galaxies. In other words, even though the space of the universe is expanding outward from every point, galaxies are still colliding. This is showing that gravity is still a major player in the universe. Specifically, gravity still has the power to pull galaxies toward one another against the expanding space of the universe.

Gravity pulling galaxies together into collisions is another piece of evidence that shows that not only does dark matter maintain the stability of galaxies, but it also shows that the dark matter halo is not fixed to a single location in the expanding space of the universe. When considering gravity associated with galaxies, the gravity from the galaxy’s dark matter halo must also be considered when looking at the motion of galaxies on a collision course. Similarly any dark matter veins or condensed areas of dark matter that are in the universe space outside of galaxies must also be considered. Specifically, they could be providing more gravitational pull in order to put galaxies on a collision course.

 

Dark matter areas that are sitting outside of galaxies in the space of the expanding universe relates to another area of possible study. Specifically, what is the motion of these dark matter areas within the expanding space of the universe, and with respect to the closest galaxies and/or galaxy clusters? Are these dark matter areas expanding with space of the universe, are they completely stationary, or are they moving toward a galaxy or galactic cluster?

As discussed above our universe is a dynamic place as galaxies, clusters of galaxies and even the space of our universe are all in motion. Ultimately there are conflicts in the motion and galaxies collide. As a result of some of these collisions a specific type of galaxy has been discovered, diffuse galaxies. Diffuse galaxies are low luminosity galaxies. That is the light from the galaxy is not very bright and they are hard to see and find. They are dwarf galaxies meaning they do not have a large number of stars like our Milky Way Galaxy. However, they can have the same overall size as our Milky Way Galaxy.

 

So, diffuse galaxies have a smaller number of stars compared to our Milky Way Galaxy. But, diffuse galaxies are the same size as our Milky Way Galaxy. This clearly shows us that the stars of a diffuse galaxy are spread out over greater distances than what is normally expected. An additional characteristic that has been discovered about diffuse galaxies, they do not have a dark matter halo. Having been stripped of a dark matter halo, the space of a diffuse galaxy is now exposed to the expanding space of the universe. This results in the space within the diffuse galaxy expanding like the space of the universe surrounding this galaxy. This in essence provides a direct accounting for the extended distances between stars in diffuse galaxies, and the role the dark matter halo plays in the stability of galactic space.

The lack of a dark matter halo along with the above average distance between stars in diffuse galaxies provides direct support to the original hypothesis discussed at the beginning of this paper. Specifically, the dark matter halo around galaxies is what keeps the galactic space stable so the galactic stars within the halo do not expand away from each other due to expansion of the universe space. 

 

The lack of a dark matter halo around diffuse galaxies shows us something else; dark matter most likely interacts with other dark matter in some manner. A collision between galaxies results in stars and galactic gas being moved around within the colliding galaxies. In some of the collision cases one of the galaxies involved in the collision takes stars and other galactic matter from the other galaxy involved in the collision. In the case of diffuse galaxies, the theory is that the other galaxy involved in the collision not only stole stars and the galactic matter from the now diffuse galaxy, but also stole the dark matter halo. Or, it pushed the dark matter halo into the space of the universe. In either case there had to be an interaction between the dark matter halos of the colliding galaxies.

 

There is a secondary way of looking at the loss of the dark matter from one galaxy to the other galaxy involved in the collision, maybe the dark matter migrated from the one galaxy to the other galaxy. In the collision between the diffuse galaxy and the other galaxy, the other galaxy took all of the young stars, dust and other matter from the diffuse galaxy. In other words, the diffuse galaxy lost a lot of stars and galactic matter while the other galaxy involved in the collision gain a lot of stars and galactic matter. A significant gain in galactic matter by one of the galaxies involved in the collision could result in an imbalance between the matter in this galaxy and the dark matter halo. This imbalance could result in the dark matter of the galaxy that had its matter stolen moving over to the other galaxy in order to restore a normal matter and dark matter balance.

In either of the two events discussed above for the diffuse galaxy to lose its dark matter, the dark matter from the diffuse galaxy had to interact with the dark matter of the other galaxy involved in the collision that took the dark matter. It appears that the taking of the dark matter is necessary for the galaxy that gained all of the matter from the diffuse galaxy in order to maintain a stable galaxy both in matter and in galactic space. 

 

NOTE: It must be noted that there are other possibilities for the dark matter to shift from one galaxy to another. For example, maybe there is some type of minimal gravity interaction between normal matter and dark matter that must be maintained. In a collision between galaxies the new hypothesis would be if there is a certain amount of mass exchange the dark matter must go with that mass in order to maintain galactic stability in the new larger galaxy. The only way to find out answers is through further research of our universe with the new equipment being developed and deployed here on earth and in space. 

When it comes to dark matter it is currently theorized that it interacts with normal matter via gravity. The most likely situation is that dark matter and normal matter do interact in the normal gravitational manner. However, given that it is not known what dark matter really is, it is difficult to specifically say that the gravity interaction between dark matter and normal matter is the standard gravity interaction between normal matter/mass. Given the limited amount of information that is actually known about dark matter the possibility exists that there could be some exotic gravitational like interaction between dark matter and normal matter. 

 

If it is accepted that there some kind of gravitational interaction between dark matter and normal matter, then there is an additional characteristics that can be determined, LaGrange points. The most basic definition of a LaGrange Point is that it is a point in space where overlapping opposite direction gravitation cancels out. In other words, the gravity from the earth pulls things toward the earth while the gravity from the moon pulls things toward the moon. There are points in space where the gravity from the earth overlaps the gravity from the moon and they are exactly opposite in the direction of pull and are exactly the same gravitational strength, so they cancel out giving a point of basically zero gravity in space.

If the dark matter halo around a galaxy has gravity that pulls on the normal matter within the halo, and the gravity from the normal matter pulls back on the dark matter halo, there will be overlapping normal matter and dark matter gravity fields. This overlap should cause some LaGrange points. 

We need to be clear here, the overlapping normal matter and dark matter gravity fields are three-dimensional fields. So rather than there being a LaGrange point it will be more like a LaGrange sphere or football shape. And, the LaGrange Spheres or Footballs, should encircle a galaxy and could be interconnected forming a LaGrange Ring or halo around galaxies. For additional information about LaGrange points you can read my paper; Time Flies, Relativity Demands That it Does, https://medium.com/p/9e1de4c86284/edit

Something of note, the LaGrange space between normal galactic matter and the dark matter halo is a prediction, which is an important characteristic of any new hypothesis. The question becomes is it possible to test for it?

There is one other potential area for predictions regarding dark matter and that is; The gravitational interaction between dark matter and normal galactic matter is stable, unless there is an interaction with another galaxy.

AN ADDITIONAL HYPOTHESIS

In the note above a new hypothesis was covered. This new hypothesis is formalized and memorized here:

In collisions between galaxies, many instances result in a shift of matter/mass between the colliding galaxies. In the instances where one galaxy loses a large amount of mass to the other colliding galaxy there is also a shift in the dark matter halos of the colliding galaxies. That is, the galaxy that leaves the collision with more mass than when it entered the collision also needs more dark matter in its dark matter halo in order to maintain galactic space stability. Conversely, the galaxy in the collision that loses matter/mass no longer needs the same amount of dark matter in its halo in order to maintain its galactic stability, so it loses dark matter to the other colliding galaxy.

 CONCLUSION

This paper only covers a few of the possible purposes associated with dark matter based on the hypothesis stated at the beginning of this paper. Without a doubt there are many other possible purposes that are waiting to be found. Similarly, there are most likely more predictions to be discovered and made. And, in all likelihood there are other hypothesis for dark matter waiting to be found. The thing that is currently missing, on going discussion about the initial hypothesis, and what has been covered in this paper.

DARK MATTER; A GALACTIC DYSON SPHERE

 

DARK MATTER; A GALACTIC DYSON SPHERE

Protecting our Galactic Space from the Expanding Open Space of the Universe

HYPOTHESIS: 

The space of our universe is and has been expanding since the very beginning. However, the space within our galaxy, and all other galaxies in our universe is not expanding, it is stable. Something has to be enveloping and protecting galaxies from the ongoing expansion of the surrounding space of the universe. Dark Matter represents the galactic/universe property necessary to protect stable galactic space from the expanding universe space.

 DISCUSSION:

Our universe is expanding. This expansion has been occurring since the very beginning of our universe at the moment of the “big bang.” It continues through today and for all intents and purposes will continue without end. In other words, the space within our universe is growing and will continue to grow without end.

Although the space of the universe is growing, the space of our galaxy, as well as every other galaxy in the universe is stable. If it were not stable there would not be any galaxies in the universe. This presents a huge question regarding the evolution of our universe; how was stable space within our universe able to be carved out of the expanding space of our universe?

Under current theory, space was space at the beginning. It was all the same and all of it was expanding. Around one-billion years after the big bang the first galaxies started to form. In other words, the expansion of all space in our universe was the norm for our universe for about the first billion years. For the first billion years the space of the universe was a generally smooth, consistent and all expanding space of the universe. This shows that the early formation and evolution of our universe did not, and could not, contain stable pockets of space capable of harboring galaxies. 

At about one-billion years old some process occurred in our universe that allowed for dark matter and the normal matter of all galaxies to start to combine in such a fashion that the space dark matter surrounded was stable. This stability allowed for the matter inside the dark matter envelope to start combining and forming stars and other galactic features. 

 NOTE: The above statement “ some process occurred” is vague and ambiguous because there are multiple possible options that have to be considered, discussed and evaluated for consistency with galaxies and the universe properties. I will cover some of these options in another paper.

The expansion of the open universe space and the stable galactic space are set conclusions of our universe. Since the big bang establishes space as being a single expanding space in the beginning there has to be something that is separating stable galactic space from the expanding universe space, Dark Matter. 

What is known about Dark Matter? Virtually nothing. The existence of dark matter is shown through its gravitational interaction with stars in other galaxies and through gravitation lensing. Because of these two things it is believed that there is a halo of dark matter around galaxies. It is also believed that dark matter also exists throughout the universe. Additionally, the current theory is that without dark matter galaxies would not have formed. However, these things are not “proof” that dark matter exists and there are some who believe that dark matter does not exist and gravity needs to be redefined.

This hypothesis adds to the evidence of the existence of dark matter.

When considering the existence of dark matter what it doesn’t do also has to be considered. Current conclusions are that dark matter does not interact with light or any other electromagnetic energy. Other than gravitationally, dark matter also does not interact with normal matter as we know it.

Given that so little is known about dark matter, and it’s minimal interaction with anything within the universe, it is easy to see how the existence of dark matter can be questioned. However, the astronomical data is compelling that dark matter does exist throughout the universe and as a halo around galaxies. 

 So, putting the information/evidence together gives the following hypothesis;

The space within the universe is expanding. The space within galaxies is not. In order for there to be stable space within an expanding universe space there must be some barrier around the stable space that holds it together and keeps it from expanding. The one thing discovered so far that surrounds galaxies and is an integral part of galaxy formation is dark matter. The conclusion is that the dark matter surrounding galaxies must be responsible for creating the stable space necessary for the formation of galaxies in our universe.

The hypothetical conclusion, besides being necessary for galactic formation, the galactic dark matter halo is also necessary to prevent the space within galaxies from expanding like the universe space on the other side of a galaxy’s dark matter halo.

This hypothesis reveals at least two more characteristics of dark matter:

1.  It moves with the universe,
2.  As it expands with the space of the universe, it moves as a whole mass.

It needs to be noted that this hypothesis does not identify what dark matter is. Rather, it identifies something that dark matter accomplishes with respect to the galactic formation and existence within our universe. Additionally, there is no evidence or standing hypothesis that dark matter must necessarily be some type of matter particle. Dark matter currently can be anything, including something that we don’t yet know about or understand but is discovered as work progresses on this hypothesis. Additional reporting on dark matter will also follow.

IN HONOR OF:

The title of this paper, Dark Matter, A Galactic Dyson Sphere is a tribute to Professor Freeman Dyson, (December 15, 1923 — February 28, 2020), Professor Emeritus, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ. Professor Dyson proved that advanced degrees were not necessary in order to critically think about, and understand, physics and mathematics. 

Written By

Steven Guderian, 4 July 2022